...one of the most highly
regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the
world.
— Herb Sutter and Andrei
Alexandrescu, C++
Coding Standards
Suppose we are writing a massive multiplayer online game which has to maintain hundreds of thousands or millions of instances of the following class in memory:
struct user_entry { std::string first_name; std::string last_name; int age; ... };
In this kind of environments memory resources are precious, so we are seeking
ways to make user_entry
as compact as possible. Typically, there
exists a very high level of repetition of first and last names among
the community users, so an obvious optimization consists in moving
user_entry::first_name
and user_entry::last_name
objects to a common repository where duplicates are avoided, and leaving
references to these inside user_entry
. This is precisely what
Boost.Flyweight does in the simplest possible way for the programmer:
#include <boost/flyweight.hpp> struct user_entry { flyweight<std::string> first_name; flyweight<std::string> last_name; int age; ... };
Boost.Flyweight automatically performs the optimization just described behind the scenes, so that the net effect of this change is that the memory usage of the program decreases by a factor proportional to the level of redundancy among user names.
flyweight<std::string>
behaves in many ways like
std::string
; for instance, the following code works
unchanged after the redefinition of user_entry
:
// flyweight<T> can be constructed in the same way as T objects can, // even with multiple argument constructors user_entry::user_entry(const char* f,const char* l,int a,...): first_name(f), last_name(l), age(a), ... {} // flyweight classes have relational operators replicating the // semantics of the underyling type bool same_name(const user_entry& user1,const user_entry& user2) { return user1.first_name==user2.first_name && user1.last_name==user2.last_name; } // flyweight<T> provides operator<< and operator>> internally // forwarding to T::operator<< and T::operator>> std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,const user_entry& user) { return os<<user.first_name<<" "<<user.last_name<<" "<<user.age; } std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is,user_entry& user) { return is>>user.first_name>>user.last_name>>user.age; }
Besides, flyweight<T>
is convertible to
const T&
, either implicitly or through the get
member function:
std::string full_name(const user_entry& user) { std::string full; full.reserve( user.first_name.get().size()+ // get() returns the underlying user.last_name.get().size()+1); // const std::string& full+=user.first_name; // implicit conversion is used here full+=" "; full+=user.last_name; return full; }
The most important restriction to take into account when replacing a class with an equivalent flyweight is the fact that flyweights are not mutable: since several flyweight objects can share the same representation value, modifying this value is not admissible. On the other hand, flyweight objects can be assigned new values:
void change_name( user_entry& user, const std::string& f,const std::string& l) { user.first_name=f; user.last_name=l; }
In general, flyweight<T>
interface is designed to make
the transition from plain T
as straightforward as possible.
Check the reference for
further details on the interface of the class template flyweight
.
The examples section explores
some common usage scenarios of Boost.Flyweight.
flyweight<T>
can be serialized by means of the
Boost Serialization Library
as long as the underlying T
is serializable. Both regular and
XML archives are supported. In order to
use Boost.Flyweight serialization capabilities, the specific
header "boost/flyweight/serialize.hpp"
must be included.
#include <boost/flyweight/serialize.hpp> template<class Archive> void serialize(Archive& ar,user_entry& user,const unsigned int) { ar&user.first_name; ar&user.last_name; ar&user.age; ... }
Much as using Boost.Flyweight reduces memory consumption due to the internal
sharing of duplicate values, serializing flyweight
s can also
result in smaller archive files, as a common value is only stored
once and their associated flyweight
s get saved as references to it.
This policy is observed even if flyweight
underlying type is
not tracked
by Boost.Serialization.
See example 6 at the examples section for an illustration of use of Boost.Flyweight serialization capabilities.
For flyweight<T>
to be instantiable, T
must
be Assignable
,
Equality
Comparable
and must interoperate with
Boost.Hash.
The first requirement is probably met without any extra effort by the user,
not so the other two, except for the most common basic types of C++
and the standard library. Equality and hashing of T
are used
internally by flyweight<T>
internal factory to maintain the
common repository of unique T
values referred to by the flyweight
objects. Consult the Boost.Hash documentation
section on extending
that library for custom data types.
As we have seen, equality and hash requirements on T
are
imposed by the particular type of flyweight factory internally used by
flyweight<T>
. We will see later how the user can customize
this factory to use equality and hash predicates other than the default,
or even switch to an entirely different kind of factory which may impose
another requirements on T
, as described in the section on
configuring Boost.Flyweight.
Revised April 24th 2019
© Copyright 2006-2019 Joaquín M López Muñoz. Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)