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regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the
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— Herb Sutter and Andrei
Alexandrescu, C++
Coding Standards
C++ associative containers are usually based on red-black tree implementations (e.g.: STL, Boost.Intrusive associative containers). However, there are other interesting data structures that offer some advantages (and also disadvantages).
Splay trees are self-adjusting binary search trees used typically in caches, memory allocators and other applications, because splay trees have a "caching effect": recently accessed elements have better access times than elements accessed less frequently. For more information on splay trees see Wikipedia entry.
Boost.Intrusive offers 3 containers based
on splay trees: splay_set
,
splay_multiset
and splaytree
. The
first two are similar to set
or multiset
and the
latter is a generalization that offers functions both to insert unique and
multiple keys.
The memory overhead of these containers with Boost.Intrusive hooks is usually 3 pointers. An empty, non constant-time size splay container has also a size of 3 pointers.
Splay tree based intrusive containers have logarithmic complexity in many operations like searches, insertions, erasures, etc., but if some elements are more frequently accessed than others, splay trees perform faster searches than equivalent balanced binary trees (such as red-black trees).
The caching effect offered by splay trees comes with a cost: the tree must
be rebalanced when an element is searched. This disallows const versions
of search functions like find()
, lower_bound()
, upper_bound()
, equal_range()
, count()
, etc.
Because of this, splay-tree based associative containers are not drop-in
replacements of set
/
multiset
.
Apart from this, if element searches are randomized, the tree will be rebalanced without taking advantage of the cache effect, so splay trees can offer worse performance than other balanced trees for some search patterns.
splay_set
, splay_multiset
and splaytree
share the same hooks.
template <class ...Options> class splay_set_base_hook;
splay_set_base_hook
:
the user class derives publicly from this class to make it compatible
with splay tree based containers.
template <class ...Options> class splay_set_member_hook;
set_member_hook
:
the user class contains a public member of this class to make it compatible
with splay tree based containers.
splay_set_base_hook
and splay_set_member_hook
receive the same options explained in the section How
to use Boost.Intrusive:
tag<class Tag>
(for base hooks only): This argument serves as a tag, so you can derive
from more than one base hook. Default: tag<default_tag>
.
link_mode<link_mode_type
LinkMode>
:
The linking policy. Default: link_mode<safe_link>
.
void_pointer<class VoidPointer>
:
The pointer type to be used internally in the hook and propagated to
the container. Default: void_pointer<void*>
.
template <class T, class ...Options> class splay_set; template <class T, class ...Options> class splay_multiset; template <class T, class ...Options> class splaytree;
These containers receive the same options explained in the section How to use Boost.Intrusive:
base_hook<class Hook>
/ member_hook<class T, class Hook, Hook T::* PtrToMember>
/ value_traits<class ValueTraits>
:
To specify the hook type or value traits used to configure the container.
(To learn about value traits go to the section Containers
with custom ValueTraits.)
constant_time_size<bool Enabled>
:
To activate the constant-time size()
operation. Default: constant_time_size<true>
size_type<bool Enabled>
:
To specify the type that will be used to store the size of the container.
Default: size_type<std::size_t>
And they also can receive an additional option:
compare<class Compare>
:
Comparison function for the objects to be inserted in containers. The
comparison functor must induce a strict weak ordering. Default: compare<
std::less<T> >
Intrusive splay containers can also use plain binary search tree hooks bs_set_base_hook
and
bs_set_base_hook
.
These hooks can be used by other intrusive containers like intrusive scapegoat
containers sg_set
and
sg_multiset
. A
programmer might prefer using a binary search tree hook so that the same
type can be inserted in some situations in a splay container but also inserted
in other compatible containers when the hook is not being used in a splay
container.
bs_set_base_hook
and bs_set_member_hook
admit the same options as splay_set_base_hook
.
Now let's see a small example using both splay hooks, binary search tree
hooks and splay_set
/
splay_multiset
containers:
#include <boost/intrusive/splay_set.hpp> #include <boost/intrusive/bs_set_hook.hpp> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> using namespace boost::intrusive; class MyClass : public splay_set_base_hook<> //This is an splay tree base hook , public bs_set_base_hook<> //This is a binary search tree base hook { int int_; public: //This is a member hook splay_set_member_hook<> member_hook_; MyClass(int i) : int_(i) {} friend bool operator< (const MyClass &a, const MyClass &b) { return a.int_ < b.int_; } friend bool operator> (const MyClass &a, const MyClass &b) { return a.int_ > b.int_; } friend bool operator== (const MyClass &a, const MyClass &b) { return a.int_ == b.int_; } }; //Define a set using the base hook that will store values in reverse order typedef splay_set< MyClass, compare<std::greater<MyClass> > > BaseSplaySet; //Define a set using the binary search tree hook typedef splay_set< MyClass, base_hook<bs_set_base_hook<> > > BaseBsSplaySet; //Define an multiset using the member hook typedef member_hook<MyClass, splay_set_member_hook<>, &MyClass::member_hook_> MemberOption; typedef splay_multiset< MyClass, MemberOption> MemberSplayMultiset; int main() { typedef std::vector<MyClass>::iterator VectIt; typedef std::vector<MyClass>::reverse_iterator VectRit; //Create several MyClass objects, each one with a different value std::vector<MyClass> values; for(int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) values.push_back(MyClass(i)); BaseSplaySet baseset; BaseBsSplaySet bsbaseset; MemberSplayMultiset membermultiset; //Insert values in the container for(VectIt it(values.begin()), itend(values.end()); it != itend; ++it){ baseset.insert(*it); bsbaseset.insert(*it); membermultiset.insert(*it); } //Now test sets { BaseSplaySet::reverse_iterator rbit(baseset.rbegin()); BaseBsSplaySet::iterator bsit(bsbaseset.begin()); MemberSplayMultiset::iterator mit(membermultiset.begin()); VectIt it(values.begin()), itend(values.end()); //Test the objects inserted in the base hook set for(; it != itend; ++it, ++rbit){ if(&*rbit != &*it) return 1; } //Test the objects inserted in member and binary search hook sets for(it = values.begin(); it != itend; ++it, ++bsit, ++mit){ if(&*bsit != &*it) return 1; if(&*mit != &*it) return 1; } } return 0; }