Boost C++ Libraries

...one of the most highly regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the world. Herb Sutter and Andrei Alexandrescu, C++ Coding Standards

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Chapter 1. Boost.Atomic

Helge Bahmann

Andrey Semashev

Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

Table of Contents

Introduction
Presenting Boost.Atomic
Purpose
Thread coordination using Boost.Atomic
Enforcing happens-before through mutual exclusion
happens-before through release and acquire
Fences
happens-before through release and consume
Sequential consistency
Programming interfaces
Configuration and building
Memory order
Atomic flags
Atomic objects
Atomic references
Waiting and notifying operations
Atomic types for inter-process communication
Fences
Feature testing macros
Usage examples
Reference counting
Spinlock
Singleton with double-checked locking pattern
Wait-free ring buffer
Lock-free multi-producer queue
Limitations
Porting
Unit tests
Tested compilers
Changelog
Acknowledgements

Boost.Atomic is a library that provides atomic data types and operations on these data types, as well as memory ordering constraints required for coordinating multiple threads through atomic variables. It implements the interface as defined by the C++11 standard, but makes this feature available for platforms lacking system/compiler support for this particular C++11 feature.

Users of this library should already be familiar with concurrency in general, as well as elementary concepts such as "mutual exclusion".

The implementation makes use of processor-specific instructions where possible (via inline assembler, platform libraries or compiler intrinsics), and falls back to "emulating" atomic operations through locking.

Operations on "ordinary" variables are not guaranteed to be atomic. This means that with int n=0 initially, two threads concurrently executing

void function()
{
  n ++;
}

might result in n==1 instead of 2: Each thread will read the old value into a processor register, increment it and write the result back. Both threads may therefore write 1, unaware that the other thread is doing likewise.

Declaring atomic<int> n=0 instead, the same operation on this variable will always result in n==2 as each operation on this variable is atomic: This means that each operation behaves as if it were strictly sequentialized with respect to the other.

Atomic variables are useful for two purposes:

  • as a means for coordinating multiple threads via custom coordination protocols
  • as faster alternatives to "locked" access to simple variables

Take a look at the examples section for common patterns.


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